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Here is an intriguing article on Russia's Planetary Missions. Anatoly Zak from Russian Space Web writes an eye opener in Russian Space programs.
Like a
potential criminal tagged with a GPS bracelet, the Earth-threatening
space rock could be fitted with a tracking device, helping to watch its
orbital movement with unquestionable precision, Russian scientists said.
Source: RussianSpaceWeb
Photo: Basic scenario of the Russian mission to Apophis. Credit: IKI
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| Failed Planetary Mission Phobos-Grunt (2012) |
In
2008, a team of engineers at NPO Lavochkin proposed an unmanned mission,
which could place a radio beacon on the surface of asteroid 2004 MN4
Apophis. The 350-meter space boulder, discovered in 2004, was expected
to pass as close as 36,000 kilometers from Earth in 2029 and, according to some estimates, the gravitational pull of the planet could put it on a collision course with Earth in 2036. NPO
Lavochkin's proposal was prepared for a Moscow conference, marking the
100th anniversary of the infamous Tunguska event of June 30, 1908, which
is believed to be the largest space object hitting the Earth in modern
history. Russian scientists argued that in order to rule out the
possibility of Apophis colliding with the Earth, the space rock’s orbit
should be tracked with an accuracy of dozens of meters. This could be
achieved only with a transponder anchored to the asteroid, as even the
most powerful radio-telescopes on Earth can not track such a small body
precisely enough.
To accomplish the mission, NPO Lavochkin proposed to use the spacecraft platform, which the company developed for the Phobos-Grunt project.
NPO Lavochkin representatives believed that the Phobos-Grunt satellite
bus could be used with minimal modifications for the mission to Apophis.
The proposed flight scenario targeted May 13, 2012, as its launch date
and a rendezvous with the asteroid 330 days (or 11 months) later (on
March 12, 2013). The authors of the report urged the inclusion of the
Apophis mission into the Russian Federal Space Program, emphasizing the high international prestige of such project. (409)
Although
the Apophis mission would rely on existing technology and require
relatively modest funding, achieving the 2012 launch date would not be
realistic, observers noted. According to sources familiar with the
matter, at the time of the asteroid mission proposal, the much more
technically challenging Phobos-Grunt project faced a delay to 2011.
This Russia’s flagship planetary mission would have to be grounded to
enable the launch to Apophis in 2012. Critics mostly dismissed the
proposal for the Apophis mission as either a face-saving ploy to cancel
Phobos-Grunt, or as another unachievable project in the advertised
timeframe. On
June 30, 2008, the Russian space agency, Roskosmos, released a
statement clarifying the fact that the mission to Apophis was an
"independent and separate" project and rejected claims about changing
goals of the Phobos-Grunt mission.
Early planning for asteroid missions
Although
a mission to Apophis in 2012 was never considered realistic, as late as
May 2009, Russian scientists still kept this dangerous space rock on a
short list of potential targets for exploration. However by that time,
the launch date had been moved to a comfortably distant 2024. (365)
The story of the Russian mission to Apophis had another bizarre twist
in 2009. At the end of December, the head of the Russian space agency,
Anatoly Perminov told the Voice of Russia radio station that a
soon-to-be-held meeting of the agency's collegium would consider an
asteroid threat behind closed doors. Perminov was obviously talking
about one of many theoretical and very preliminary concepts routinely
considered by the agency's officials in the process of forming the
nation's long-term plans in space. However, those few imprecisely minted
words were enough for the Western media to run sensational stories the
next morning about Russia's "secret plan to save the Earth from an
asteroid." Nevertheless, US Congressman Dana Rohrabacher, representing
State of California, a major base of the US aerospace industry, took
Perminov's interview seriously enough to promise lobbying for a joint
US-Russian asteroid-deflection mission.
On a
more serious note, a possible Russian exploratory mission to Apophis
was mentioned again at a scientific seminar in Moscow in May 2010. Lev
Zeleny, the head of Space Research Institute, IKI, was quoted in a
Roskosmos press-release as saying that the Apophis probe was "being
developed" at NPO Lavochkin.
Mission scenario
At the beginning of 2010s,
Apophis seemed to remain the most popular target among Russian
proposals for asteroid missions. It was revealed by that time that the
spacecraft heading to Apophis was envisioned as a two-part vehicle which
would split after entering orbit around the asteroid. One component,
known as Small Unoriented Artificial Satellite of Asteroid, MNISA, would
serve as a radio-beacon for a 5-10-year mission to precisely measure
Apophis' trajectory. Russian sources claimed that it would enable to
improve the accuracy of asteroid's trajectory predictions by 10,000 to
100,000 times. This prognosis could extend all the way to 2036, when
Apophis would have possibly its closest rendezvous with the Earth. To
complete its mission, MNISA would be equipped with a radioactive source
of power and a power storage battery. A trio of antennas evenly spread
around the cylindrical body of the satellite would ensure that it was
always in contact with ground control despite the lack of orientation
system onboard.
In
the meantime, the second component, based on the cruise stage of
Phobos-Grunt spacecraft would conduct 2-3 remote-sensing and geological
research mission from orbit and, possibly, from the surface of the
asteroid.
Surviving the cut?
Following the disastrous launch of the Phobos-Grunt spacecraft,
the mission to Apophis survived on the list of potential planetary
targets with a possible launch date in the 2020s. Russian officials
continued mentioning the mission, while a number of other previously
advertised planetary projects, such as Mars-NET, Venera-D and Mercury-P, were canceled or pushed far into the future.
Source: RussianSpaceWeb
Photo: Basic scenario of the Russian mission to Apophis. Credit: IKI
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